NUTRITIONAL MEDICINE RESEARCH
Telephone: From the USA: 01144 7930 915 588
From all other countires: 0044 7930 915 588
From the UK: 0730 915 588
Please select a link below if you would like:
1.- To E-mail us
2.- To request our monthly free research newsletter and DVDs
3.- To view how to participate in our cancer studies.
Spontaneous and Enzymatic Neuronal Oxidation of Dopamine.
John Grinstein Ph.D.
uk@br13.com
Oxidations are chemical reactions on which the oxidized part loses electrons. Auto-oxidations occur when molecules react with themselves to form products in the higher and lower oxidation state.
Several non-radical compounds "auto-oxidize" on exposure to oxygen from the air: examples are adrenaline, ascorbic acid, thiols and 6-hydroxidopamine (which is a catecholamine, like dopamine, and other amines of biomedical interest ).
Normal Process of Brain Transmission.
Dopamine is synthesized by enzymatic decarboxilation of L-Dopa.
L-Dopa is released from neuron 1 and interacts with neuron 2
Non enzymatic auto-oxidation of dopamine released form neuron 1, generates toxic hydrogen peroxide inducing degeneration and death of nerve terminals in neuron 2.
The so-called "locura manganica" reported to affect miners of manganese-containing ores, is produced because manganese accelerates the oxidation of catecholamines like dopamine, to produce damaging oxygen radicals. Auto-oxidations of catecholamines generate superoxide. This occurs when a pair of electrons is released into the system. One electron is used to auto-oxidize the catecholamine and the other electron adds to molecular oxygen generating superoxide.
Catecholamines are the neurotransmitters, epinephrine and dopamine. Both amines are known to be affected by the process of auto-oxidation.
Free radical damage on the dopaminergic system of the brain is directly related to atmospheric oxygen.
The neurotransmitter dopamine plays a crucial role.
CHEMISTRY OF THE SPONTANEOUS AND ENZYMATIC PATHWAY FOR THE OXIDATION OF DOPAMINE
One of the biochemical paths of the degradation of dopamine is to be endogenous metabolized to 6-hydroxidopamine. This occurs when there is an excess of oxygen in dopaminergic areas of the brain, and superoxide have been previously generated.
During the auto-oxidation of 6-hydroxidopamine, hydrogen peroxide is liberated with lethal effects to dopaminergic neurons (Color Plate 6, Page 51). Melanin is formed to absorb the hydrogen peroxide in a self-defense process.
Neuro-Melanin, the black pigment found mainly in the substantia nigra of the brain uses hydrogen peroxide, tyrosine, dopa and peroxidase enzymes for its biosynthesis. The defense of brain cells against the damaging effects of hydrogen peroxide is clearly observed through the black melanin spots that forms the substantia nigra.
Ageing is characterized by a clear deterioration of the dopaminergic system of the brain. Dopamine cells are lethally affected with age. The dopamine content of the human brain decreases by 13% per decade over age 45. The age-related progressive decline of dopaminergic control in the brain seems to be by now the first firmly established biochemical lesion of ageing.
It seems to me, that the main generator of this serious brain deterioration is superoxide, acting as the initiator of auto-oxidation reactions, leading to the damage and destruction of dopaminergic cells.
Superoxide induced lethal effects on dopamine producing neurons, causes dopamine deficiency, which in turn produces, rigidity, difficulties in speech, impaired movements, loss of flexibility, slow movements, and loss of memory, all these noticeable characteristics of senescence.
Please select the subject of your interest:
3a. “Atmospheric Oxygen Modulator of Human Life Span.”Abstract
3b. “Atmospheric Oxygen Modulator of Human Life Span.”Experiments and Data.
Web version with all graphics and text from the book “Atmospheric Oxygen Modulator of Human Life Span”
This selection will link with the site
www.jgrinstein.com
br13.com Home Page:
This selection will link with this site home page
home page
Please E-mail us your questions, suggestions.
Let us know if you would like to receive by mail a copy of our most recent research documentary. Please choose a VHS, DVD or Video CD format. This is sent to you as a gift. Completely free of charge. uk@br13.com
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
“There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having being originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one;”
Charles Darwin
”THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES”.
(Page 403, Chapter 15, Conclusion.)
London. John Murray, Albermarle Street, W.
1897
Nutritional Medicine Research
26 Priestgate, Peterborough
PE1 1WG. United Kingdom
Telephone:
From the USA :
01144 7930 915 588 (8 am to 4 pm)
01144 7919 415 841 (24 hours)
From all other countries:
0044 7930 915 588
0044 7919 415 841 (24 hours)
From the UK:
07930 915 588
07919 415 841 (24 hours)
FAX
From the USA: 01144 7939 010 379
From all other countries: 0044 7939 010 379
From the UK: 07939 010 379